Online Learning Support

A DOI is a Digital Object Identifier. It is a unique number given to articles, books, and other periodical content that quickly returns the user to the correct location for the source.  In databases, it can usually be located on the screen that includes the publication information. 

A DOI usually starts with the number 10 and may appear with or without a protocol and host (https://doi.org).

In both MLA and APA style references, the DOI: 10.1353/mod.2016.0011 would be formatted as...

https://doi.org/10.1353/mod.2016.0011.

The DOI is formatted as a hyperlink in both APA and MLA styles.

APA Style Rules

According to the APA Handbook 7th edition a DOI can be used for online or print works. Follow these rules:

• Use the DOI if available.
• If not available, and you are in a database, do not use a permalink. Cite as a print source.
• If not available, and you are on a free website, use the URL.
• If you have both a DOI and a URL always use the DOI.
• If a DOI appears as a plain number always precede it with the protocol and host.

MLA Style Rules

According to the MLA Handbook 9th edition a DOI is part of the location element for online works only. Follow these rules:

• Use the DOI if available.
• If not available, use a permalink or URL.
• If a DOI appears as a plain number always precede it with the protocol and host.

Please contact one of our Librarians in person or through our Ask a Librarian if you have questions.